Клавиатуры ноутбуков и настольных компьютеров поставляются с различными раскладками и языками, которые специфичны для данной страны или региона. Здесь вы найдете подробные иллюстрации, чтобы быстро определить, какая раскладка клавиатуры у вас есть для Windows, Linux или MacOS. Это, также, наиболее точные части макетов, которые мы смогли изобразить.
Используется в США, Канаде, Австралии, Пуэрто-Рико, Гуаме, Филиппинах, Малайзии, Сингапуре, Индии, Гонконге, Новой Зеландии и многих других странах. Имеет горизонтальную, прямоугольную клавишу enter.
Раскладка для России, Беларусии, Украины, стран пост-советского пространства и некоторых других стран, где используется кириллица в письменности.
The QWERTZ layout is the normal keyboard layout in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. It is also fairly widely used in Czechia, Slovakia and other parts of Central Europe. The main difference between it and QWERTY is that Y and Z are swapped, and some special characters such as brackets are replaced by diacritical characters like Ä, Ö, Ü, ß. In Czechia and Slovakia diacritical characters like Ě, Š, Č, Ř, Ž, Ý, Á, Í also replace numbers. Caps lock is usually a shift lock as in AZERTY (see below).
The AZERTY layout is used in France, Belgium, and some African countries. It differs from the QWERTY layout thus: A and Q are swapped, Z and W are swapped, M is moved to the right of L, (taking place of the :/; or colon/semicolon key on a US keyboard). The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters, Caps lock is replaced by Shift lock, thus affecting non-letter keys as well. However, there is an ongoing evolution towards a Caps lock key instead of a Shift lock.
The Colemak layout is another popular alternative to the standard QWERTY layout, offering
a more familiar change for users already accustomed to the standard layout.
It builds upon the QWERTY layout as a base, changing the positions of 17 keys while retaining the
QWERTY positions of most non-alphabetic characters and many popular keyboard shortcuts, supposedly
making it easier to learn than Dvorak for people who already type in QWERTY without sacrificing
efficiency. It shares several design goals with the Dvorak layout, such as minimizing finger path
distance and making heavy use of the home row.
An additional defining (albeit optional) feature of the Colemak layout is the lack of a caps lock key;
an additional backspace key occupies the position typically occupied by Caps Lock on modern keyboards.
Operating systems such macOS, Linux, Android, Chrome OS, and BSD allow a user to switch to the Colemak
layout. A program to install the layout is available for Microsoft Windows, as well as a portable
AutoHotKey implementation.
Colemak variants exist, including Colemak Mod-DH, which seeks to rectify concerns that the layout
places too much emphasis on the middle-row centre-column keys (D and H), leading to awkward lateral
hand movements for certain common English bigrams such as HE. Others seek to have more compatibility
with other keyboard layouts
The Dvorak layout was named after its inventor, August Dvorak.
There are also numerous adaptations for languages other than English, and single-handed variants.
Dvorak's original layout had the numerals rearranged, but the present-day layout has them in
numerical order. Dvorak has numerous properties designed to increase typing speed, decrease errors,
and increase comfort. Research has found a 4% average advantage to the end user in typing speed.
The layout concentrates the most used English letters in the home row where the fingers rest,
thus having 70% of typing done in the home row (compared to 32% in QWERTY).
The Dvorak layout is available out-of-the-box on most operating systems, making switching through
software very easy. "Hardwired" Dvorak keyboards are also available, though only from specialized
hardware companies.
There is also a second, informal layout in widespread use — the so-called "phonetic" layout, in which Cyrillic letters are mapped to the QWERTY keys for Latin letters that "sound" or "look" the same, with several exceptions. Also popular in some cyrillic script countries.
Used in Arabic-speaking countries: Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Yemen, Uzbekistan etc. You can buy a laptop/desktop keyboard with this layout.
Alternative for ARABIC_PC.
Used in Armenia. This layout is available through Windows keyboard settings.
Alternative layout for ARMENIAN_HM_QWERTY.
Used in Azerbaijan. This layout is available through Windows keyboard settings.
The current official Bulgarian keyboard layout for both typewriters and computer keyboards is described in BDS (Bulgarian State/National Standard) 5237:1978. It superseded the old standard, BDS 5237:1968, on 1 January 1978. Like the Dvorak layout, it has been designed to optimize typing speed and efficiency, placing the most common letters in the Bulgarian language — О, Н, Т, and А — under the strongest fingers. In addition to the standard 30 letters of the Bulgarian alphabet, the layout includes the non-Bulgarian Cyrillic symbols Э and ы and the Roman numerals I and V (the X is supposed to be represented by the Cyrillic capital Х, which is acceptable in typewriters but problematic in computers).
Cyrillic letters are mapped to the QWERTY keys for Latin letters that "sound" or "look" the same, with
several exceptions (Я is mapped to Q, Ж is mapped to V, etc. — see the layout and compare it to the
standard QWERTY layout). This layout is available as an alternative to the BDS one in some operating
systems, including Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS X and Ubuntu Linux. Normally, the layouts are set
up so that the user can switch between Latin and Cyrillic script by pressing Shift + Alt, and between
BDS and Phonetic by pressing Shift + Ctrl.
In 2006, Prof. Dimiter Skordev from the Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics of Sofia University and
Dimitar Dobrev from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences proposed a new standard, prBDS 5237:2006,
including a revised version of the old BDS layout, which includes the letter Ѝ and the capital Ы and
replaces the letters I and V with the currency symbols of $ and € respectively, and a standardization
of the informal "phonetic" layout. After some controversy and a public discussion in 2008, the proposal
was not accepted, although it had been already used in several places – the "Bulgarian Phonetic" layout
in MS Windows Vista is based on it. There is a new "Bulgarian Phonetic" layout in MS Windows 7.
Used in Georgia (country). It's available through Windows keyboard settings.
Used in Greece.
The usual Greek layout follows the US layout for letters related to Latin letters
(ABDEHIKLMNOPRSTXYZ, ΑΒΔΕΗΙΚΛΜΝΟΠΡΣΤΧΥΖ, respectively), substitutes phonetically similar letters
(Φ at F; Γ at G) and uses the remaining slots for the remaining Greek letters: Ξ at J; Ψ at C; Ω at V; Θ at U).
Greek has two fewer letters than English, but has two accents which, because of their frequency,
are placed on the home row at the U.K. ";" position; they are dead keys. Word-final sigma has its
own position as well, replacing W, and semicolon (which is used as a question mark in Greek) and colon
move to the position of Q.
All keyboards in Israel are fitted with both Latin and Hebrew letters. Trilingual editions including
either Arabic or Cyrillic also exist.
Note that in the standard layout (but not all keyboards), paired delimiters – parentheses (), brackets
[], and braces {}, as well as less/greater than <>, – are in the opposite order from the standard in
other left-to-right languages. This results in "open"/"close" being consistent with right-to-left
languages (Shift-9 always gives "close parenthesis" U+0029, which visually looks like
"open parenthesis" in left-to-right languages). This is shared with Arabic keyboards.
Certain Hebrew layouts are extended with niqqud symbols (vowel points), which require Alt+Shift or
similar key combination in order to be typed.
Alternative layout for HEBREW.
Used in parts of Iraq and Iran. This layout is available through Windows keyboard settings.
Used in North Macedonia. This layout is available through Windows keyboard settings.
Used in Afghanistan and Pakistan. This layout is available through Windows keyboard settings.
Used in Iran. This layout is available through Windows keyboard settings.
Also alternative layout for PERSIAN.
Also alternative layout for PERSIAN.
Also alternative layout for PERSIAN.
Apart from a set of characters common to most Cyrillic alphabets, the Serbian Cyrillic layout uses six
additional special characters unique or nearly unique to the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet: Љ, Њ, Ћ, Ђ, Џ, and Ј.
Due to the bialphabetic nature of the language, actual physical keyboards with the Serbian Cyrillic
layout printed on the keys are uncommon today. Typical keyboards sold in Serbian-speaking markets are
marked with Serbian Latin characters and used with both the Latin (QWERTZ) and Cyrillic layout
configured in the software. What makes the two layouts this readily interchangeable is that the
non-alphabetic keys are identical between them, and alphabetic keys always correspond directly to
their counterparts (except the Latin letters Q, W, X, and Y that have no Cyrillic equivalents, and
the Cyrillic letters Љ, Њ and Џ whose Latin counterparts are digraphs LJ, NJ and DŽ). This also makes
the Serbian Cyrillic layout a rare example of a non-Latin layout based on QWERTZ.
The Macedonian dze is on this keyboard despite not being used in Serbian Cyrillic. The gje and kje can
be typed by striking the apostrophe key then striking the G or K key.
There is also a dedicated Macedonian keyboard that is based on QWERTY (LjNjERTDz) and uses Alt Gr to
type the dje and tshe. However, the capital forms are next to the small forms. An alternative version
of the layout is quite different and has no dje or tshe access. This alternative was not supported
until Windows Vista.
This is a modern version of Turkish layout which utilizes QWERTY key placement (Turkish-Q).
Used in western China, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. This layout is available through Windows keyboard settings.